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Models of Addiction Treatment
These are the various models of treatments that are available for the intervention estructiurada of addiction. Many components used simmilares and offer advantages for each other.
However they are all part of the continuum of care and should be considered as alternatives in the design of treatment plans.
Minnesota Model
The model traditionally used in the U.S. and also the movement’s historical roots in North America treatment.
Outpatient Model
Recommended for those who need treatment and they also have retained much of their psychosocial functioning so simultaneously attending to their work and remain in their traditional family environment.
Model Hospital
Based primarily in-hospital management of addictive disorders, this model is directed to isolation and full time therapeutic patient with an intensive program of therapy varied.
Therapeutic Community Model
People involved in this type of treatment living with a community of recovering addicts. Thus even were able to incorporate lifestyle shared and personal responsibility.
Cocaine and Embryo-Fetal Development
Cocaine use is highly likely to cause irreparable damage in newborns whose mothers kept their addiction during pregnancy.
The latter led to some states in the United States requiring pregnant addicts to treatment be forced deprivation of liberty for the duration of pregnancy.
Yet known the full extent of the effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine, but scientific studies indicate that these babies are born prematurely and underdeveloped: less weight, lower skull diameter and shorter length.
The precise determination of the consequences for the newborn is complex and varies according to the drug that was consumed by the mother.
Added to that, we know statistically that mothers addicted to cocaine abuse in one or more other substances. The picture is complicated when considering the amount and variety of drugs of abuse, lack of prenatal care, socioeconomic status, exposure to infectious diseases, other health problems, poor nutrition, and many other factors involved directly on the health of the fetus and newborn.
Chemical stimulants II
Crack
Also called “poor man’s cocaine,” carries a serious social and health risk for causing dependence and harmful effects it causes in the body.
Is obtained by macerating coca leaves with kerosene and sulfur compounds, which subsequently washed with volatile elements, it becomes cocaine hydrochloride.
The so-called toxic base is a greater potential harmful than cocaine, has impurities that prevent intravenous administration. It is ingested by inhalation, leading to lesions in the nasal mucosa and the digestive system. Also eaten smoked in cigarettes or pipes designed for that purpose.
This substance intoxication delirium pictures involves processes followed by severe depression. Its harmful effects on the body are similar to those of amphetamines administered intravenously, tearing the personality, and placing it in a compulsive addiction.
Chemical Stimulants I
Cocaine
In cases of acute poisoning, its effects, which include hyperstimulation, increased blood pressure and rapid heart rate, followed by a subestimulacion with muscle paralysis and breathing difficulties can result in cardiovascular collapse.
The coca paste mixed with sodium bicarbonate is known to crack, which is much more toxic than cocaine hydrochloride. Although not yet available studies on its use, side effects and contraindications, it is known that there are many deaths from overdoses of the substance.
Cocaine is an alkaloid contained in the leaves of the bush “Erythroxylum coca” being chemically a derivative of latropina. It is an extremely potent brain stimulant effects similar to amphetamines.
Furthermore, a strong vasoconstrictor and local anesthetic to be absorbed by the nasal mucous membranes when the vacuum is metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine. It was initially used for the treatment of respiratory disorders and depression.
Derivatives and Effects of Opium
With the popular name of opium poppies is called the fruit of which is obtained opium and its derivatives. It is a tan powder. It is extracted from grains containing the fruit and from its medicinal uses include the abolition of pain, control spasms and use as a cough suppressant.
In addition, there are references dating back nearly eight centuries of medicinal use of opium were Persians, Egyptians, Babylonians, Arabs and Greeks. Asians found stimulating and pleasurable possibilities and began to use it for that purpose.
Its derivatives are morphine, heroin, methadone and codeine. They can provide extraordinary therapeutic benefits if prescribed and monitored by a doctor, but the uncontrolled use of its devastating effects.
The cultivation of opium poppy originated in Southeast Asia (Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and Laos). In recent years it has spread to other countries, including Colombia, to ensure a steady supply to major consumption centers.
Opiates are presented as powder for solution for injection smoking. This drug produces a dreamy state of euphoria and a sensation of ecstasy that quickly shortens because of tolerance.
Shortly after use, addicts experience withdrawal symptoms between the two takes, which is characterized by a flu-like box during the first 12 hours: sneezing, sweating, tearing, yawning, muscle aches. After 36 hours of abstinence symptoms become severe. Appear chills, hot flashes, insomnia, diarrhea, increased heart rate and blood pressure.
Sleeping Pills or Barbiturates
These substances became popular in the United States appeared when the first laws prohibiting alcohol, opium and morphine.
Its use can cause injury to the liver or kidneys, Skin rash, joint pain, neuralgia, hypotension, constipation, and tendency to circulatory collapse.
Acute poisoning can cause death, which occurs as brain injury due to lack of oxygen and other complications of respiratory depression.
Physical dependence is generated between four and six weeks. Often raises withdrawal delirium tremens boxes.
Big narcotics
There are several substances used in general anesthesia which deserve to be included in this group by their ability to produce drowsiness or stupefaction, more than any drug in the strict sense.
In mild doses produces an initial excitement phase cordial, like alcohol, then sedation and drowsiness. They also generate tolerance and, consequently, addiction, which can cause acute poisoning and even death.
Fentanyl, within the large group of narcotics, has forty times more powerful than heroin and is currently the most widely used in surgery due to its low toxicity to the heart and nervous system
Types and Effects of Drugs
Narcotics
The word narcotic is a Greek word meaning “thing capable of numb and sedate.” Although this word is often used to refer to all types of illicit drugs, ie those that act on the psyche of the individual, the field of narcotics can be divided now into several groups, which are as follows :
*Opium, opiates and synthetic substitutes.
*Neuroleptics or major tranquilizers.
*Anxiolytics or minor tranquilizers.
*Sleeping pills or barbiturates.
*Major General anesthetics or narcotics.
These drugs with different compositions and origins, which have in common is their effect on the body, although it occurs in ways and to varying degrees.
But the key element that unites them is that all narcotics cause physical addiction. Addictive drug that is administered in sufficient doses over a relatively long period of time, induces a metabolic change. When given longer triggers a series of reactions known as “withdrawal.”
Asthma Drugs – Theophylline and Anticholinergic Agents
Theophylline
Theophylline has been used for over 30 years to treat asthma.
* Comes in the form of tablets, capsules or intravenously.
* It should monitor blood levels.
* Side effects include headaches, palpitations and stomach upset. Severe toxicity in the blood levels higher than the therapeutic may lead to seizures.
Anticholinergic Agents
Anticholinergic agents are available in inhaled form.
* Can be used alone or in combination with beta-agonist bronchodilator.
* Ipratropium is used to treat asthma, although its official use is for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
* Side effects may be a cough and headache.
Anti-IgE antibody:
Omalizumab was approved in 2003 as a new class of therapy known as “anti-IgE, allergic asthma for patients with moderate to severe persistent. It is currently approved only for use in the treatment of asthma.
Drugs for Asthma and Allergies III
ICS: inhaled corticosteroids are considered the most effective medications for long-term control of persistent asthma. They offer a good asthma control with minimal effect on the rest of the body with normal doses.
* Minor side effects include the use of corticosteroid inhalers are hoarseness and thrush (a fungal infection of the mouth and throat). It is less probable that both problems appear if you gargle with water after use.
* Prolonged use of inhaled corticosteroids in children may cause a transient reduction in growth velocity, however, this problem tends to be minimal (about half an inch in the first year of use, usually without a continuous effect). In most cases, the benefits of controlling asthma is greater than the potential for any adverse effects.
Anti-leukotrienes: Many cells involved in inflammation of the airways produce powerful chemicals in the body called leukotrienes). Leukotrienes are responsible for increased inflammation that narrows the airway muscles and inflames the lining of those conduits.
* These drugs are used mainly for control in patients with moderate persistent asthma and in combination with inhaled corticosteroids in moderate to severe disease.
Drugs for Asthma and Allergies II
Medicines drivers: “The process of the disease in the symptoms of allergies and asthma involves inflammation and mucus production in the lining of the nose and airways caused by inflammation. There are three classes of drugs used to treat allergies and asthma and may prevent or reduce inflammation:
Mast cell stabilizers: are nonsteroidal medications that reduce inflammation by preventing the release of chemical agents that cause it.
* They include cromolyn (cromolyn) and nedocromil, and come in various forms to treat allergic diseases such as rhinitis and asthma.
* Some of these medicines are available without prescription to treat nasal allergies.
Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs. When taken properly, are highly effective in the treatment of asthma and allergies. These medicines have nothing to do with anabolic steroids, which some athletes abuse.
* Corticosteroids come in creams or ointments, nasal sprays, inhalers, pills and injections.
* Their use must be supervised by a physician.
* May be needed to control a severe asthma that is not stabilized with other medicines.